Modifications of the RD-107 and RD-108 engines for the “Soyuz” launch vehicle family
The development of engines for the first intercontinental
ballistic missile R-7 and family of the space launch-vehicles “Vostok”, “Voskhod”,
“Molniya”, “Soyuz” was began in 1954. Development of such four-chamber Kerosene/LOX
engines with steering chambers for rocket flight control have required the solutions
of a number of complex scientific-technological problems.
These engines have ensured the successful flight of the maiden intercontinental
ballistic missile in August, 1957, launch of the maiden artificial satellite of
the Earth in October, 1957, flight of the first man in space in April, 1961.
The fulfilment of the domestic program of manned flights till now is reliably
provided with RD-107 and RD-108 engines of NPO Energomash development.
To the present time the activities on modernization of base RD-107 engines for
a first stage (main modernizations - 8D74, 8D728, 11D511 and 14D22 engines) and
RD-108 engines for a second stage (main modernizations - 8D75, 8D727, 11D512 and
14D21 engines) were conducted; totally 18 modifications for the different
programs.
The activities on modifications of 14D21
and 14D22 engines for the Soyuz-FG launch vehicle were started in
the initiative order in 1986. The preliminary design is made in 1993. The feature
of modification was a new design of the injector head to increase of specific
impulse. The maiden fire tests were conducted in 1999 (3 engines - 20 fire tests).
23 development engines were produced and 163 fire development tests were conducted
totally. The maiden launch of the “Progress” cargo spacecraft with new modernized
engines was successfully executed in May 2001, maiden manned flight of “Soyuz”
LV - in October, 2002.
The activities on implementation of a system of hypergolic ignition instead of
pyrotechnic are now conducting. 12 fire tests on 2 engines with hypergolic ignition
(14D21KhZ and 14D22KhZ) were conducted, full readiness for certification and flight
tests of new modification of engines.
Main parameters of the RD-107 and RD-108 engines family
Block A
|
Launch Vehicle |
Engine |
Designation | Chamber
pressure MPa |
Propellant |
Thrust s.l. |
Thrust vac |
Isp s.l. |
Isp vac |
|
| 8K71 | R-7 | RD-108 | 8D75 | 4.91 | T-1/LOX | 718.5 | 918.3 | 2363 | 3020 |
| 8A91 | R-7A | RD-108 | 8D77 | 3.92 | 627.1 | 803.2 | 2412 | 3089 | |
| 8K72 | Vostok-1 | RD-108 | 8D75 | 5.10 | 740.7 | 936.2 | 2412 | 3050 | |
| 8K72K | Vostok-1M | RD-108 | 8D75 | 744.3 | 945.4 | 2432 | 3089 | ||
| 8A92 | Vostok-2 | RD-108 | 8D75 | 744.3 | 945.4 | 2432 | 3089 | ||
| 8A92M | Vostok-2M | RD-108 | 8D75 | ||||||
| 8K78 | Molniya | RD-108 | 8D75 | ||||||
| 8K78 | Molniya | RD-108 | 8D75K | 744.3 | 945.4 | 2432 | 3089 | ||
| 8K78 | Molniya | RD-108MM | 8D727P | ? | RG-1/LOX | 672.3 | 839.9 | 2481 | 3099 |
| 8K78 | Molniya | RD-108M | 8D727K | 5.35 | 777.8 | 971.4 | 2481 | 3099 | |
| 8K78M | Molniya-M | RD-108MM | 8D727P | 672.3 | 839.9 | 2481 | 3099 | ||
| 8K78M | Molniya-M | RD-108M | 8D727K | 777.8 | 971.4 | 2481 | 3099 | ||
| 8K78M | Molniya-M | RD-108M | 8D727 | ||||||
| 11A57 | Voskhod | RD-108M | 8D727 | ||||||
| 11A511 | Soyuz | RD-118 | 11D511 | 5.32 | T-1/LOX | ||||
| 11A511U | Voskhod-U | RD-118 | 11D511U | ||||||
| 11A511U | Sojuz-U | RD-118 | 11D511U | ||||||
| 11A511U2 | Sojuz-U2 | RD-118P | 11D511P | ? | SynTin/LOX | 814.9 | 1,010.0 | 2579 | 3197 |
| Soyuz-FG | RD-108A | 14D21 | 5.44 | T-1/LOX | 792.4 | 985.6 | 2527 | 3144 | |
| Soyuz-2 (-2K) | RD-108A | 14D21 | 5.44 | 792.4 | 985.6 | 2527 | 3144 | ||
Block B,V,G,D
|
Launch Vehicle |
Engine |
Designation |
Chamber pressure MPa |
Propellant |
Thrust s.l. |
Thrust vac |
Isp s.l. |
Isp vac |
|
| 8K71 | R-7 | RD-107 | 8D74 | 5.59 | T-1/LOX | 794.3 | 972.3 | 2452 | 3001 |
|
60% |
590.0 | 3001 | |||||||
|
8A91 |
R-7A |
RD-107 | 8D76 | 5.69 | 793.8 | 972.8 | 2481 | 3040 | |
|
60% |
590.0 | 3040 | |||||||
| 8K72 | Vostok-1 | RD-107 | 8D74 | 5.85 | 814.9 | 991.0 | 2491 | 3030 | |
|
8K72K |
Vostok-1M | RD-107 | 8D74 | 815.9 | 997.7 | 2510 | 3069 | ||
| 8A92 | Vostok-2 | RD-107 | 8D74 | 815.9 | 997.7 | 2510 | 3069 | ||
| 8A92M | Vostok-2M | RD-107 | 8D74 | 815.9 | 997.7 | 2510 | 3069 | ||
| 8K78 | Molniya | RD-107 | 8D74K | 815.9 | 997.7 | 2510 | 3069 | ||
| 8K78M | Molniya-M | RD-107 | 8D74K | 815.9 | 997.7 | 2510 | 3069 | ||
| 8K78M | Molniya-M | RD-107MM | 8D728P | ? | RG-1/LOX | 754.9 | 922.3 | 2520 | 3079 |
| 8K78M | Molniya-M | RD-107M | 8D728 | 5.85 | 819.1 | 1,000.7 | 2520 | 3079 | |
| 11A57 | Voskhod | RD-107M | 8D728 | ||||||
| 11A511 | Soyuz | RD-117 | 11D512 | 5.86 | T-1/LOX | ||||
| 11A511U | Voskhod-U | RD-117 | 11D512U | ||||||
| 11A511U | Soyuz-U | RD-117 | 11D512U | ||||||
| 11A511U2 | Soyuz-U2 | RD-117 |
11D512U |
||||||
| Soyuz-FG | RD-107A | 14D22 | 6.0 | 839.1 | 1,020.4 | 2582 | 3140 | ||
| Soyuz-2 (-2K) | RD-107A | 14D22 | 6.0 | 839.1 | 1,020.4 | 2582 | 3140 | ||
Sources:
-
T. Varfolomeyev. St. Petersburg. Russia. "Soviet Rocketry that Conquered Space" (Part 1 to 12)
UK-Journal "Spaceflight" No. 8/95. 2/96. 6/96. 1/98. 3/98. 5/98. 9/98. 12/98. 5/99. 4/00. 10/00. 4/01 -
NPO Energomash."The basic engines of NPO ENERGOMASH development" (tables present in Russian now).
http://www.npoenergomash.ru/engines/
 RD-108 (8D75) |
 RD-108M (8D727) |
 RD-118 (11D512) |
 RD-108A (14D21) |
 RD-107 (8D74) |
 RD-107M (8D728) |
RD-117 (11D511) |
 RD-107A (14D22) |