|
| The SNC - meteorites are a
group of meteorites, by them is assumed, that they originate from the Mars.
They own an in comparison with other meteorite low old (about a billion years)
and must originate thus from a celestial object, which had still a relatively
young geological activity. Besides they contain included gases, which correspond
to in their composition of the Mars - atmosphere, as they are determined also
through measurements of the Viking - probes. SNC-Meteorites are often made of small mineral grains that can't be seen clearly without a microscope. To see these small grains, scientists grind and polish rock samples very thin (0.03 millimeters) so light can pass through them. This picture is a microscopic view, about 2.3 millimeters across, of a martian meteorite. The brown areas are grains of the mineral pyroxene and the clear white areas are the mineral plagioclase. These are the two most abundant minerals in basalt, both on Earth and Mars. The black areas are magnetite, an iron-oxide mineral. |
|
The following meteorites are identified as stones
from the Mars:
(compare
http://www.meteoris.de/mars/list.html
)
| Name | Location |
Date |
Type |
|
| 1 |
France, Haute-Marne province, village of Chassigny |
1815 | dunite (chassignite) | |
| 2 |
India, Bihar State, town Shergahti |
1865 | basaltic shergottite | |
| 3 |
Nigeria, Katsina Province, Zagami Rock |
1962 | basaltic shergottite | |
| 4 |
United States, California,
Los Angeles County |
1999 | basaltic shergottite | |
| 1999 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 5 |
United States, Indiana, Lafayette |
1931 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |
| 6 |
Brazil, state Minas Gerais, city Governador Valadares |
1958 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |
| 7 |
Egypt, El-Nakhla village, Gov. Alexandria |
1911 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |
|
Saudi Arabia |
||||
| 8 |
Oman, Sayh al Uhaymir |
1999 |
olivine-phyric shergottite | |
| 1999 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2000 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2001 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2002 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2001 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2002 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2003 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2004 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2002 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
|
Sayh al Uhaymir xxxx |
2003 | olivine-phyric shergottite | ||
| 9 |
Oman, Dhofar |
2000 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |
| 10 | 2000 | basaltic shergottite | ||
|
Dhofar xxxx |
2001 | basaltic shergottite | ||
| 11 |
Oman |
2008 | basaltic shergottite | |
|
Antartica |
||||
| 12 |
Antarctica, Victoria Land, Allan Hills |
1977 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 13 |
Antarctica, Victoria Land, Elephant Moraine |
1980 |
basaltic shergottite + olivine-phyric shergottite |
|
| 14 |
Antarctica, Victoria Land, Allan Hills |
1984 | orthopyroxenite (wehrlite shergottite) | |
| 15 |
Antarctica, Victoria Land, Lewis Cliff |
1988 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 16 |
Antarctica, Victoria Land, Queen Alexandra Range |
1994 | basaltic shergottite | |
| 17 |
Yamato 000027 |
Antarctica, Victoria Land, Yamato Mountains |
2000 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) |
|
Yamato 000047 |
2000 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | ||
| 2000 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |||
| 18 | 2000 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | ||
|
Yamato 000749 |
2000 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | ||
|
Yamato 000802 |
2000 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | ||
| 19 | 1979 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | ||
| 20 | 1998 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
||
|
Yamato 980497 |
1998 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
||
| 21 |
Yamato 984028 |
1998 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 22 |
YA 1075 (Yanai) |
~2000 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 23 |
Antarctica, Grove Hill |
2000 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 24 | 2003 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | ||
| 25 |
Antarctica, Transantarctic Mountains, Miller Range |
2003 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |
| 2009 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |||
| 2009 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |||
| 2009 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |||
| 26 |
Antarctica, Roberts Massiv |
2004 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
|
| 2004 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
|||
| 27 |
Antarctica, Larkman Nunatak |
2006 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
|
|
North Africa |
||||
| 28 |
Libya |
1998 | olivine- orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |
| 1997 | olivine- orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |||
| 1999 | olivine- orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |||
| 1997 | olivine- orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |||
| 1998 | olivine- orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |||
| 1999 | olivine- orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |||
| 1999 | olivine- orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |||
|
Dar al Gani xxxx |
1999 | olivine- orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | ||
| 2000 | olivine- orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |||
| 29 |
Ksar Ghilane 002 |
Tunisia |
2010 | basaltic shergottite |
| 30 |
Marocco |
2000 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |
| 31 |
Marocco |
2001 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 32 |
NW-Africa |
2004 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 33 |
El Aiun, Western Sahara |
2006 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 34 |
Marocco, Missour |
2001 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 35 |
Marocco, Safsaf |
2002 | olivine-orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |
| 36 |
Marocco, Maarir |
2001 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
|
| 2001 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
|||
| 2002 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
|||
| 2002 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
|||
| 37 |
Marocco, Erfoud |
2004 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |
| 38 |
Marocco |
2005 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |
| 2005 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2006 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2009 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2010 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2011 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2011 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2011 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 39 |
Marocco, Qued Draa |
2011 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |
|
Marocco |
2011 |
Porphyritic basaltic monomict breccia ** |
||
| 40 |
Marocco |
2000 | basaltic shergottite | |
| 2002 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2001 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2001 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2006 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 41 |
Mauritania, Bir Gandous |
2003 | basaltic shergottite | |
| 2008 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 42 |
Marocco |
2009 | basaltic shergottite | |
| 43 |
Western Sahara, Smara |
2012 | basaltic shergottite | |
| 44 |
Marocco |
2000 | dunite (chassignite) | |
| 45 |
Algeria |
2001 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |
| 46 |
Algeria |
2003 | olivine-orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |
| 2004 | olivine-orthopyroxene-phyric shergottite | |||
| 47 |
Algeria |
2006 |
olivine-phyric shergottite |
|
| 2007 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 48 |
Algeria |
2005 | basaltic shergottite | |
| 2006 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2004 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2006 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
|
NWA 5214 |
2007 | basaltic shergottite | ||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2008 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2007 | basaltic shergottite | |||
| 2006 | basaltic shergottite | |||
|
NWA xxxx |
2009 | basaltic shergottite | ||
| 49 |
Algeria |
2010 | peridotite (lherzolitic shergottite) | |
| 50 |
Mauritania |
2008 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |
| 2009 | clinopyroxenite (nakhlite) | |||
| 51 |
NW-Africa |
2007 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |
| 52 |
Mauritania |
2009 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |
| 2010 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 2011 | olivine-phyric shergottite | |||
| 53 |
NWA 7500 |
Mali, Taoudenni |
2012 | Shergottite |
|
** Porphyritic
basaltic monomict breccia, with a few euhedral phenocrysts up to several millimeters
and many phenocryst fragments of dominant andesine, low-Ca pyroxene, pigeonite,
and augite set in a very fine-grained, clastic to plumose, groundmass with
abundant magnetite and maghemite; accessory sanidine, anorthoclase, Cl-rich
apatite, ilmenite, rutile, chromite, pyrite, and goethite. Plagioclase and pyroxene compositions similar to basaltic shergottites, however the oxygen isotopic values are higher than the SNC fractionation array. Plagioclase feldspar is the most abundant phase (38.0±1.2%), followed by low-Ca pyroxene (25.4±8.1%), clinopyroxenes (18.2±4.0%), iron-oxides (9.7±1.3%), alkali feldspars (4.9±1.3%), and apatite (3.7±2.6%). Hydrogen isotopes: six whole-rock combustion measurements yielded a bulk water content of 6190±620 ppm. |
The most abundant group of SNC
meteorites are called the basaltic shergottites. Their composition is similar
to that of rocks analysed at the Opportunity landing site and the basaltic component
that forms much of the martian surface regolith and underlying geology in terms
of Fe enrichment. However, the Spirit rocks are picritic and also more alkali-rich
than the basaltic shergottites. Olivine-phyric shergottites form another recognizable
group of the shergottites, which accumulated phenocryst or xenocryst olivine
grains from a separate olivine-saturated basaltic melt. These large olivine grains
were not derived by disruption of peridotite shergottite sources because the
olivine-phyric shergottites generally have a more highly depleted geochemistry
than the peridotitic shergottites. Peridotite shergottites have the clearest
cumulate textures of the SNCs and differ from the other shergottites in their
low proportion of feldspathic material and high proportions of olivine. The cores
of pyroxene in basaltic shergottites crystallized slowly at depth from melts
that at least in some cases were H2O-bearing followed by more rapid crystallization
of the Fe-rich rims in a near-surface intrusive or extrusive setting.
Pyroxenite nakhlites formed as cumulates in a thick lava flow from the accumulation
of augite followed by olivine. Trapping of varying amounts (5-20%) of basaltic,
interstitial melt (the nakhlites in the upper parts of the parental lava flow
having the higher proportions of trapped melt) has given the nakhlites their
LREE-enriched geochemical signature. The dunite Chassigny, which has near-identical
ejection and crystallization ages to the nakhlites, may also be associated with
them.
The martian mantle source region has over twice the FeO contents of the terrestrial
mantle and the SNC compositions reflect this in their Fe enrichment compared
with analogous terrestrial and lunar rocks. Another compositional feature of
the SNCs is their low Al contents, which reflect depletion of source regions,
perhaps as a result of the formation of a magma ocean. However, discordance between
Mg-number and Al2O3 contents of the nakhlite and other SNC groups shows that
the SNC melts were derived from mantle source regions with differing depletion
histories. The modelled martian magma ocean would have a lower proportion of
plagioclase and lower density than the lunar one. Inferred noble metal contents
in the martian mantle calculated from the SNCs suggest that, like the Earth,
Mars underwent a later accretion of chondritic material.
In addition to petrographic classification, we suggest that the basaltic, olivine-phyric
and peridotitic shergottites can also be subclassified geochemically on the basis
of their LREE depletion into HD (highly depleted), MD (moderately depleted) and
SD (slightly depleted). The SD shergottites mainly correspond to the basaltic
shergottites, the MD to peridotitic shergottites and the HD correspond to olivine-phyric
shergottites.
The melt compositions of the SNCs, either known directly from the whole-rock
composition or calculated from melt inclusions within cumulate phases, do not
show any clear evidence for an andesitic component. The best data available from
the Pathfinder rock analyses suggest that those rocks may be basaltic andesites;
that is, with slightly higher SiO 2 and Na2O + K 2O than the basaltic shergottites
(although it is possible that this chemistry reflects contamination of the Pathfinder
analyses by alteration rinds). Spectroscopic data in support of the geochemical
evidence for an andesitic component in the northern lowlands of Mars are not
yet conclusive. However, the existence of a K- and Fe-enriched component in parts
of the northern lowlands distinct from the basaltic signature in the remaining
northern lowlands and southern highlands is established. The formation mechanism
for such large-scale magmatic heterogeneities is not clear but might involve
fractionation of basaltic magmas trapped in magma ocean rocks or the fractionation
of shergottitic compositions under hydrous conditions.
The absence of an andesitic-like chemical signature in the SNCs suggests that
they were derived from areas in the northern lowlands where the K-rich 'andesitic'
spectral signature is absent or in low abundance. Two likely regions are the
Tharsis region of shield volcanoes and the Elysium-Amazonis volcanic plains.
These regions also contain young volcanic rocks compatible with the relatively
young ages of the SNCs. The crystallization ages fall within five groups. ALH84001
is the oldest at 4.5 Ga, the nakhlites and Chassigny have ages of 1.3 Ga, peridotitic
shergottites 180 Ma and basaltic shergottites 165-475 Ma. On the basis of these
ages it is clear that only the ALH84001 orthopyroxenite is derived from the ancient
highlands. The SNCs were ejected from Mars in between four and seven impact events
but uncertainties in the calculation of ejection ages means that the grouping
of samples with ejection events is not always clear. However, the ejection of
the nakhlites and Chassigny in one event at 11 Ma is well established.
This summary is results from a meeting held at the Geological Society of London
in 2003 about Volcanism on Mars.

An interesting question is this:
Have the recently diagnosed organic cellules
and carbonat globules in the basaltic SNC
- meteorites ALH 84001 a relevance ?
Organic Compounds in Martian Meteorites
May Be Terrestrial Contaminants
Written by A. J. T. Jull
NSF Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Facility,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
posted February 17, 1998
"The organic material in ALH84001 can be identified by its combustion behavior,
and contains several discrete components. We do not assert we have completely
separated all these components. We identified low-temperature (<400oC)
combustible material (probably organic phases) which appears to be the result
of two or more contamination events at about 13,000 years ago, which introduced
carbon with 13C about -25‰; a recent event of 13C about -34‰; and presumably
other intermediate events are possible. We can also identify a more resistant
phase, ~47ppm C, which combusts between 400-500oC and is characterized
by 13C of -14.7‰ and low 14C. This phase must be indigenous to the meteorite
and hence presumably, Mars. This mysterious phase represents a little less than
~20% of the carbon-bearing material in this meteorite, but it is not certain
it is an organic compound. Hence, we say that at least 80% of the organic material
of ALH84001 is of terrestrial origin.
What are the implications for the data reported by David McKAY and his colleagues?
They studied only organic compounds in the form of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH) in ALH 84001. This material represents less than 1% of organic material
in this meteorite. The small size of this fraction precludes 14C measurements,
even by our sensitive techniques. Our results suggest that most of the organic
material in ALH84001 is terrestrial contamination. We cannot rule out some indigenous
organic material being present, but our data point out the importance of fully
understanding how much contamination has occurred in all the martian meteorites."
Hinweise auf Lebensspuren im Mars-Meteoriten ALH84001 nahezu widerlegt
von Wolfgang B. Lindemann
Studium Integrale Journal
6. Jahrgang / Heft 1 - März 1999
"NASA-Chef Goldin versetzte am 6.
August 1996 die Welt mit der Nachricht in Aufregung, dass ein Wissenschaftler-Team
starke Hinweise auf mikrobielle Lebensformen in einem ursprünglich vom Mars stammenden,
im Eis der Antarktis entdeckten Meteoriten gefunden habe (McKAY et al. 1996).
ALH84001, der besagte Meteorit, wurde nach einem angenommenen 12000-jährigen
Aufenthalt im Eis der Antarktis 1984 bei einer Forschungsexpedition gefunden.
Die Herkunft vom Mars wurde 1993 durch Analysen von Gaseinschlüssen abgeleitet.
Wie bereits im Studium Integrale Journal berichtet (PAILER 1997), legten
mehrere verschiedene Untersuchungsergebnisse anfänglich den Schluss nahe, dass
es auf dem Mars früher mikrobielles organisches Leben gegeben haben könnte. Im
einzelnen fanden sich:
Mineralstrukturen, die im Elektronenmikroskop fossilen Bakterien morphologisch ähneln,
Spuren organischer Verbindungen, u.a. sogenannte polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK),
winzige, 50nm große rosettenförmige Karbonatstrukturen, die möglicherweise durch Bakterien gebildet wurden,
Magnetitkörnchen, die von irdischen Bakterien gebildeten Magnetitkonglomeraten ähneln.
Pailer (1997) hat bereits eine vorläufige Bewertung
dieser Funde vorgelegt. Damals wurde u.a. darauf hingewiesen, dass die Anwesenheit
von organischem Material an sich nicht auf einen biogenen Ursprung schließen
lasse; insbesondere PAKs wären auch in anderen Arten von Meteoriten gefunden
worden. Weiterhin wurde ausgeführt, dass das kleinste terrestrische Mikrofossil
100 mal größer sei als die Mineralstrukturen im Meteoriten ALH84001 und dass
nicht klar sei, bei welcher Temperatur die gefundenen Karbonate gebildet wurden:
hohe Temperaturen zur Zeit ihrer Bildung würden Leben ausschließen. Schließlich
ähnele die Struktur der Magnetitkörnchen irdischen anorganisch gebildeten Magnetiten
und sei damit anders als die von irdischen Bakterien gebildete.
Zwei Jahre intensiver Forschung haben nun eine erdrückende Menge an Argumenten
erbracht, die gegen die Deutung der Funde in ALH84001 als Spuren mikrobiellen
Lebens sprechen.
Auf einem internationalen Workshop vom 2.- 4. November 1998 in Houston, Texas,
wurden die Ergebnisse verschiedener Arbeitsgruppen zusammengetragen und diskutiert
(KERR 1998). Dabei ergab sich:
1. Die als "fossile Bakterien" angesehenen Mineralstrukturen sind um Größenordnungen zu klein, um als mikrobielles Leben angesehen werden zu können. Eine E. coli Zelle besitzt einen Durchmesser von etwa 2000 nm. Auf einem internationalen Kongress wurde erst kürzlich Konsens darüber erzielt, dass aus theoretischen Gründen eine Zelle mit einem geringeren Durchmesser als 200 nm nach der uns bekannten Biochemie nicht lebensfähig ist, da sie zu wenig Platz besitzt, um eine Minimalausstattung an DNA und Zellorganellen zu beherbergen (Vogel). Die Größe der meisten Mineralstrukturen liegt im Bereich einiger 10 Nanometer, ein gefundener 250nm langer "Wurm" ist zu klein, um das für Leben notwendige Volumen bereitstellen zu können. Die Annahme, dass extraterrestrisches Leben nach einer uns unbekannten Chemie funktioniert, ist zwar theoretisch denkbar, zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt aber nicht prüfbar und damit wissenschaftlich bedeutungslos. Wie John BRADlEY und Allan TREIMANN auf dem Workshop in Houston ausführten, sind von der Erde anorganische Prozesse bekannt, die vergleichbare Strukturen abiogenetisch bilden können.
2. Da der Meteorit 12000 Jahre im Eis der Antarktis gelegen haben soll, wäre eine Kontamination mit von außen eingedrungenen PAKs denkbar. Eine Studie im Januar 1998 schien diese Annahme zunächst sehr wahrscheinlich zu machen, da das kurzlebige Kohlenstoffisotop 14C in den organischen Verbindungen im Meteoriten gefunden wurde. In Anbetracht des Alters des Meteoriten dürfte kein 14C vorhanden sein - die 14C-haltigen Verbindungen müssen also auf der Erde hineingelangt sein. Im Juli 1998 wurde dieser Befund insofern relativiert, als andere antarktische Meteoriten, die sich viel länger im Eis befanden, zwar 14C enthielten, aber nicht denselben Typ von PAKs. Demnach wäre jetzt zu postulieren, dass möglicherweise die PAKs vom Mars her vorhanden waren, während andere organische Verbindungen auf der Erde hinein diffundierten. In keinem Fall ist allerdings das Vorhandensein von polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen ein Beweis für das Vorhandensein von Leben, denn solche Verbindungen können auch abiotisch entstehen.
3. Die 50nm großen Karbonatrosetten können gleichfalls nicht als Beweis für Leben gelten, denn sie entstehen auf der Erde auch unter abiotischen Bedingungen. Als Temperaturbereich für ihre Bildung nimmt man gegenwärtig zwischen 0°C und 300°C an. Da auf der Erde die Temperaturgrenze für Leben aber bei 113°C liegt, würden, unter Annahme grundsätzlich ähnlicher Eigenschaften extraterrestrischen Lebens, hohe Temperaturen zum Zeitpunkt der Entstehung dieser Karbonate deren biotische Entstehung ausschließen, niedrige Temperaturen würden lediglich eine biotische Entstehung möglich erscheinen lassen, sie aber nicht beweisen.
4. Der einzige eventuell zugunsten von Lebensspuren in ALH84001 deutbare Befund sind die Magnetitknöllchen. Bakterien benutzen sie als magnetische Kompasse bzw. als Deponien für überflüssiges Eisen. Nach Untersuchungen können 75% von ihnen aufgrund ihrer Struktur anorganisch produziert worden sein, während für 25% keine anorganisch entstandenen Homologa auf der Erde bekannt sind. Dieses Argument wird erheblich geschwächt durch den noch unzureichenden Kenntnisstand, der es nach Aussagen von Magnetitforschern nicht erlaubt, sicher zu sagen, welche Strukturen biotisch und welche abiotisch entstehen.
Die weitaus meisten Teilnehmer am Workshop in Houston waren der Meinung, dass die Funde in ALH84001 keine Hinweise für Leben bieten. Eine Minderheit, unter ihnen der Entdecker der vermeintlichen Lebensspuren, McKAY, beharrte auf der Deutung als Leben und verlangte vehement weitere Forschungen. Hauptproblem dürfte in der Zukunft sein, dass die "Leben"-Hypothese nur schwer absolut zu widerlegen ist, da extraterrestrisches Leben auch auf einer völlig anderen als der uns bekannten Biochemie basieren könnte. Nach der uns bekannten Biochemie kann freilich jetzt schon das Vorhandensein von Lebensspuren in ALH84001 mit großer Sicherheit ausgeschlossen werden."